Unhinged Leaders Who Went Mad

October 11, 2024 | Jack Hawkins

Unhinged Leaders Who Went Mad


Sometimes It Takes A Madman

Leaders of armies, leaders of people, leaders of nations—all have their places in the history books, whether they’re remembered for their courage and tenacity, or their brutality and...questionable mental health.  

History remembers leaders of all stripes, ones that drove progress and prosperity for their countries and ones that claimed millions lives in their lust for power. 

Leaders are sometimes revered or reviled for the decisions they make. Let’s examine forty unhinged leaders who fall into the latter category.

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Alexander The Great

Alexander The Great conquered much of the known world in the 4th century, capturing territory from Greece to the northwest of India, covering an area of roughly 3,000 miles. 

Mosaic of Alexander The GreatUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

Committed Amicide

While skilled in military conquest, Alexander was not so skilled in anger management… 

After a particularly heavy bout of drinking following the capture of Samarkand in 340 BCE, Alexander threw a pike through his friend Cleitus the Black's chest following a drunken quarrel.

The Quarrel Between Alexander And ClitusWikimedia Commons, Picryl

Luigi Cadorna

General Luigi Cadorna may not be the most famous leader, but there are not many more people befitting the title of “unhinged”. 

One of the most hated men in history, Cadorna would blame the men beneath him for the Italian losses during WWI and charged nearly six per cent of all Italian men under his command with one crime or another. But that was him taking it easy.

A black and white portrait of Luigi CadornaUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

Executed His Own Men

Cadorna had 750 of his men executed during his tenure as Chief of Staff of the Italian Army from 1914 to 1917. If he'd had his way, that number would have been even higher.

General Luigi Cadorna In Grado, ItalyUgo Ojetti, Wikimedia Commons

Hong Xiuquan’s God Complex

In the mid-19th century, southern China was in a state of rebellion. Mostly spurred on by Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Rebellion between 1851 and 1864. Xiuquan believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, following some bizarre hallucinations. 

Alleged Engraving Of Hong XiuquanUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

He Thought He Was A God

Xiuquan's “God’s Other Son” complex led him to cult-like status and he would lead his followers on a crusade against the ruling Qing Dynasty. Unfortunately for him, he was not the Brother of Christ, but a mere mortal—his hallucinogenic idealism would cost his life and the lives of 20 million people, as the Qing Dynasty brutally put down his rebellion.

Siege of Lianzhen, Qing Dynastybattle-of-qurman.com.cn, Picryl

Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

While the British thanked General von Blücher very much for his assist at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Prussian army’s leader wasn’t all there, as it were. 

A drawing of Gebhard Leberecht von BlücherPeter Edward Stroehling, Wikimedia Commons

He Said He Was Pregnant

General von Blücher once claimed to have been impregnated by a French Grenadier. With an elephant. 

He was also a dab hand at fencing and would often try to kill house flies with his sabre—unsuccessfully, I might add.

Gebhard Leberecht Von Blücher In Bautzen, GermanyBogdan Willewalde, Wikimedia Commons

King Charles VI of France

This King of France was well-known for being unable to lead his armies into battle and delegating that role to his Generals instead. Not exactly madness, it was more self-preservation, methinks. The madness came later. As  his mental state deteriorated, the King became prone to fits of paranoia, attacking advisors with swords at random.

An old drawing of King Charles VI of FranceMazarine Master, Wikimedia Commons

He Thought He Was Made Of Glass

Charles VI would also forget that he was married, or a father, and believed that he was made of glass, wearing a suit with iron bars sewn in to protect his body from shattering. You can almost hear Napoleon shaking his head in disgrace…

Coronation of King Charles VI of FranceBritish Library, Picryl

Oliver Hazard Perry 

One of America’s famous Revolutionary War naval commanders would fight off the British fleet at Put-in-Bay on Lake Erie in 1813, but couldn’t fight off a phobia of crows. He shrugged off impending British cannon fire but was found cowering in his quarters when crows flew overhead.

A painting of Oliver Hazard PerryJane Stuart, Wikimedia Commons

William Tecumseh Sherman

William Sherman, a General that had a tank named after him! He made himself famous by leading the Union Army in Tennessee. He had an air of ruthlessness about him but was a competent leader. It is said that Sherman also suffered from delusions and could frequently be found pacing his quarter and chain-smoking while ranting about defeat by the Rebels. 

A film portrait of William Tecumseh ShermanUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

Ivan The Terrible

Otherwise known as Ivan VI, Ivan Vasilyevich transformed Russia into an imperial power during the mid to late 14th century—but he didn't do it by playing nice. Beginning his reign over Russia in 1547, “Ivan the Terrible” would spend the next three decades as ruler, beginning his reign by massacring Russian nobility.

But that was nothing compared to when Ivan got older and crazier...

A portrait of Ivan The TerribleViktor Vasnetsov, Wikimedia Commons

He Committed Filicide

Ivan the Terrible was prone to bouts of unbelievable violence, once assaulting his pregnant daughter-in-law and bashing his son's brains in when he came to intervene.

Though no one dared call him "Ivan the Terrible" while he was alive, you can be sure they started as soon as he was gone.

A drawing of Ivan The TerribleKazimierz Waliszewski, Wikimedia Commons

Sir William Erskine

The Duke of Wellington was without a doubt one of Britain’s best-ever commanders. So, when he warned London that sending him a general with the mental fragility that Sir William Erskine possessed, they should have listened.

Instead, Erskine (who’d spent time in not one, but two mental institutions) was generously described by the one official as “an uncommonly clever fellow during his lucid intervals” while admitting he was "sometimes a little mad". Erskine took his own life at age 43.

Portrait of Major Sir William ErskineGeorge Romney, Wikimedia Commons

Richard S. Ewell

According to historical portraits, Confederate General Richard Ewell had a beak-shaped nose and bald head. The General would take his appearance to heart, at times believing that he was a bird—even going so far as to peck at his food and make chirping noises.

A black and white portrait of Richard Stoddert EwellCivil War Glass Negatives, Wikimedia Commons

Georgios Hatzianestis

When Greece and Turkey went at it in 1919 (a brief three-year conflict that concluded in 1922) during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, they appointed General Georgios Hatzianestis to run the show. Unfortunately, General Hatzianestis was less of a military leader and more of a politician—but, his lack of leadership skills weren’t the only issue with General Georgios. 

Greek soldiers retreat during Greek-Turk conflictBibliothèque nationale de France, Picryl

He Thought He Was A Ghost

General Hatzianestis apparently would have bouts of lying completely still, believing he was dead. He would also refuse to get out of bed, for fear of shattering his legs that he believed were made of glass or sugar.

The trial of the six in Athens, GreeceUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur was an American general in WWII and Korea commanded forces in the South Pacific for over nine years in both campaigns. General MacArthur was a competent and fierce leader—who unfortunately fell victim to severe mood swings during the latter years of his life, vacillating between a dark depression and manic glee.

Douglas MacArthur in uniformHarris & Ewing, Wikimedia Commons

John D. Bulkeley

Vice-Admiral John D. Bulkeley was a decorated American hero during WWII, earning a Medal of Honor during campaigns in the Pacific Theatre. However, he was also very paranoid about keeping secrets. Ok, lots of military men are paranoid—but Bulkeley took it to unhinged levels.

John D. Bulkeley in uniformUS Navy, Wikimedia Commons

He Dressed Like A Ninja

Bulkeley would reportedly dress up as a ninja when he was Commander of a Clarksville, TN base, donning all black and attempting to sneak past the Marines guarding the base. 

Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley in uniformNational Museum of the U.S. Navy, Wikimedia Commons

George Custer

General Custer will be a name you’re familiar with. But, did you know that he loved dogs? Like, too much. He had 23 dogs when he and his wife lived in Texas in 1866. Apparently at his peak, he had between 40 and 80 of man’s best friends at one time.

George Armstrong CusterMathew Brady, Wikimedia Commons

Curtis LeMay

General Curtis LeMay oversaw the transformation of the United States as a superior air force following the conclusion of WWII and into the Cold War era. He commanded the USAF during its firebombing campaigns against Japanese cities and oversaw the transformation post-WWII of the United States to an all-jet air force. 

But if he'd had his way, the firebombing would have been a drop in the bucket.

Curtis Lemay in uniformUS Air Force, Wikimedia Commons

He Was Crazy For Nukes

LeMay was a fierce advocate for the use of nukes and pushed back hard against any attempts to limit American production of nukes. He reportedly drew up plans in 1949 to destroy Russia using nukes.

Major General Curtis E. LeMay at baseLibrary of Congress, Wikimedia Commons

Thomas Power  

General Thomas Power was Curtis LeMay’s successor. He was described by LeMay as a “sadist.” If you thought Curtis LeMay advocated for nukes a little too eagerly, Thomas Power may well have enthusiastically pushed the button himself. 

Thomas Sarsfield Power in uniformAir Force photo, Wikimedia Commons

He Made LeMay Look Sane

He is quoted as pushing back against a Rand study advocating for nuclear proliferation by saying, “Why are you so concerned with saving their lives? At the end of the war, if there are two Americans and one Russian, we win".

General Thomas Power in uniformU.S. Government, Wikimedia Commons

Anthony Wayne

General Anthony “Mad” Wayne was something of an oddball during the Revolutionary War. Sent by General Washington to Stony Point on a reconnaissance mission, he would attack the British defenses at New York with only bayonets

By this era, most soldiers on both sides would fire their rifles and only fix bayonets when the enemy was within stabbing range. Not Wayne, he stormed the British defenses at night using only bayonets — and won!

Anthony Wayne in uniformEdward Savage, Wikimedia Commons

Quintus Servilius Caepio

Quintus Servilius Caepio was a Roman commander at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. He had a stubborn self-aggrandizing nature that would ultimately cost the Roman army dearly. He refused to follow the orders of his superior, Consul Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, and refused to share a camp with his superior officer out of pride. 

But it was his rash actions at Arausio that would prove him unhinged. 

Roman soldiersPathé, Centurion (2010)

He Charged And Blew It

While Maximus was in negotiations with a force of Germanic tribesmen, Caepio charged at the tribal army, known as the Cimbri, and lost. Not only did he lose, surviving the battle, but his superior, Maximus was then set upon by the betrayed Cimbri, losing 120,000 men in the process. 

Caepio was stripped of his titles and exiled immediately thereafter.

Marius And The Ambassadors Of The CimbriWeston, W H; Plutarch, Wikimedia Commons

Francisco Solano Lopez

Francisco Solano Lopez was a military leader of Paraguay in the mid to late 19th-century. He was bequeathed this role by his father, dictator Carlos Antonio Lopez. Francisco was warned by his father not to use his martial power to settle diplomatic disputes… But did he listen? Of course not

Francisco Solano López  pencil drawingUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

He Set His Country On Fire

Solano ignited wars with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay over fairly minor diplomatic spats and caused a five-year war between Paraguay and the above-mentioned nations, during which more than half of the fighting-age population of Paraguay lost their lives. Lopez himself was KIA in 1870.

Francisco Solano Lopez Carrillo in blackDomenico Parodi, Wikimedia Commons

Douglas Haig

Field Marshal Haig was one of the premier leaders of the British forces in WWI. The "unhinged" part of Haig’s leadership comes from his willingness to sacrifice men by the hundreds of thousands to obtain objectives. 

Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in uniformElliott & Fry, Wikimedia Commons

He Doomed Hundreds Of Thousands Of Men

Seemingly unable to rethink tactics or see beyond the end of his nose, Douglas Haig was responsible for British losses of more than 700,000 men. “Lions led by donkeys,” as the phrase goes.

Sir Douglas Haig with his army commanders and their chiefs of staff, November 1918David McLellan, Wikimedia Commons

George McClellan

George McClellan was one of the American Civil War’s most inept leaders who should have been one of its best. Were it not for his complete lack of leadership skills and courage…What he lacked in leadership skills and courage he made up for in organization—although, apparently, not enough. 

General George B. McClellan in uniformMathew Benjamin Brady, Wikimedia Commons

He Was Too Scared To Fight

McClellan was General-in-Chief of the entire Union forces for a time and during that time never fought a battle, as he did not wish to fight a superior force, instead ordering retreat after retreat. Unhinged insofar as being totally unfit for leadership, that was George McClellan.

Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellanAlexander Gardner, Wikimedia Commons

Pierre-Jean-Charles-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve

Quite the mouthful that name, I know. We’ll just call him “Villeneuve” or “Pierre” for brevity’s sake. The Napoleonic War admiral who ran away at the Battle of the Nile, then completely disregarded Napoleon’s orders to advance on the English Channel during the Emperor’s attempted foray across it, instead sailing for the Spanish port of Cadiz. He didn't realize it, but he was dooming the French cause.

Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve in uniformClarkson Frederick Stanfield, Wikimedia Commons

He Blew It At Trafalgar

Villeneuve's blunder allowed Admiral Nelson’s English fleet to scupper French plans for an invasion via the English Channel. Villeneuve was relieved of command following this debacle and is partially responsible for the English victory at Trafalgar, his cowardice costing Napoleon dearly.

The Battle of TrafalgarClarkson Frederick Stanfield, Wikimedia Commons

Peter III

Russian Tsar Peter III is well-known for being the husband of Catherine the Great, and being deposed by his wife. However, he is less remembered for his rather peculiar mannerisms and behaviors.

Coronation Portrait Of Peter III Of RussiaLucas Conrad Pfandzelt, Wikimedia Commons

He Played With Toys

It is widely believed that Peter III was so obsessed with toy soldiers that rather than consummating his marriage to Catherine on their wedding night, he pulled out a box of his toys and asked his new wife to play with them until 2 AM.

A portrait of Peter III And his wife Catherine IIGeorg Cristoph Grooth, Wikimedia Commons

Caligula of Rome

It’s thought that Caligula is one of history’s most unhinged rulers—and that's saying something. He ruled with an iron fist and used his sadism as a weapon. One of his first crazy acts was to attempt to make his horse a Consul. But no one really gets hurt when a horse takes office. And Caligula loved to hurt people.

A sketch of Caligula, Emperor Of RomeUnknown Author, Wikipedia Commons

He Went WAY Overboard

Caligula took brutal revenge for petty insults against him, as he ordered one man (who’d mocked him to his face, big mistake) watch as his entire family was executed in front of him. Including his wife and young children. Unhinged? If you look it up in the dictionary, you may find an illustration of Caligula.

A portrait engraving of Caligula, the Roman EmperorAustrian National Library, Picryl

Saparmurat Niyazov

The leader of Turkmenistan between 1961 and 1990, Saparmurat Niyazov ruled Turkmenistan with an iron fist. He created a cult of personality in Turkmenistan that would make Kim Jong-un and Kim il-Sung blush. He renamed himself Türkmenbaşy, turned a book that he’d written into the country’s de-facto Bible, and ensured that every Turkmen who wanted a Government job was tested on their knowledge of said book. 

A paparazzi photo of Saparmurat NiyazovDanny Gys, Wikimedia Commons

He Banned The Hippocratic Oath

Türkmenbaşy banned doctors from reciting the Hippocratic Oath, instead ordering they swear allegiance to him instead. He renamed everything from buildings and cities to months and days of the week, and was by all accounts, a brutal autocrat.

A paparazzi photo of Saparmurat Niyazov on a conferenceChristian Lambiotte, Wikipedia Commons

Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon is O.G of mad kings. His story of a descent into madness is told in the Old Testament’s Book of Daniel, wherein the king expressed his disbelief in the Hebrew God and was stricken mad for seven years. 

An illustration of Nebuchadnezzar II around peopleShigeru Aoki, Wikimedia Commons

Henry VI of England

Henry VI came to the English crown as a literal baby, ascending to the throne before his first birthday. He had a mental breakdown in 1453 that left him unable to speak. In one of his lucid moments, he tried to end the Wars of the Roses by creating "Love Day" and forcing the warring leaders to hold hands.

Let's just say, it didn't work.

A portrait of King Henry VIUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

He Was Deposed, Re-Crowned, And Deposed Again

The last years of Henry VI's reign before his 1461 deposing by forces of the House of York can be characterized as directionless floundering. He was exiled to Scotland from 1461-1470, briefly restored, deposed again, and then executed. All those changes, enough to drive anyone mad…

Henry VI and the Dukes of York and SomersetJames William Edmund Doyle, Wikimedia Commons

Zhengde Emperor of the Ming Dynasty

China’s Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) is one of its most revered historical periods. And Emperor Zhengde is one of its most revered characters, mostly for all the wrong reasons. He would often lead foolish expeditions resulting in losses of territory and men and would also give to an imaginary double he called General Zhu Shou. An emperor with an imaginary friend? Bonkers…

A portrait of the Zhengde Emperor of the Ming DynastyMing Dynasty painter, Wikimedia Commons

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolf II was as eccentric a Holy Roman Emperor as you can imagine—they’re all eccentric, aren’t they? His castle in Prague hosted a vast array of animals from tigers and lions to an orangutan and even a dodo bird. 

Rudolf was a patron of the arts and sciences, as well as supporting alchemy and various mystics. A big of a mixed bag, then and definitely a little odd.

An oil painting of Rudolf IIJoseph Heintz the Elder, Wikimedia

George III of England

Percy Bysshe Shelley once described King George III as an “old, mad, blind, despised, and dying king.” Charming… The King showed signs of mental illness in the late 18th century, exacerbated by the stress of the Revolutionary War, American Independence from Britain, and the French Revolution on the continent.

The King’s mental and physical illness was later characterized by medical historians as porphyria.

King George III portrait in red uniformWorkshop of William Beechey, Wikimedia Commons

Carlota of Mexico

Carlota of Mexico was the first and only European-born Queen of Mexico. If that doesn’t give you whiplash, I don’t know what will. Born Charlotte of Belgium, she married Maximilian, Archduke of Austria. Her husband would later become the Emperor of Mexico, leading a group of Mexican archconservatives to overthrow their liberal president.

Portrait of Empress Carlota of Mexico (1840-1927) in white dressSantiago Rebull, Wikimedia Commons

She Ended Up In An Institution

Following this, Carlota and her husband spent three years in Mexico, winning over the people by speaking Spanish and giving back land to the native communities of the country. Unfortunately, their conservative backers weren’t fans. Carlota would be returned to Europe to regain support for Maximilian from the Pope. She failed, suffered a mental breakdown and was institutionalized as a result.

Charlotte of Belgium visiting the PopeJoseph Smeeton, Wikimedia Commons

Ludwig II of Bavaria

Ludwig II of Bavaria was rather high on the lavishes of regal life. Building splendid palaces, giving royal patronage to the arts of all types and generally loving his newfound royal life as a newly-crowned King at 18. 

Unfortunately for Ludwig, his penchant for palaces nearly bankrupted Bavaria and one morning, the bodies of the king and his physician were found floating in a lake.

Ludwig II of Bavaria in king's clothesFerdinand von Piloty, Wikimedia Commons

Emperor Nero of Rome

Emperor Nero of Rome rivals his uncle, Caligula, for madness (what were they putting in the water in Rome?!). At just 16, he assumed the throne and would rule for the next ten and a half years with what can only be described as a callous disregard for life. The man had his own mother "taken care of" because he thought she was plotting against him. 

Emperor Nero of Rome painting, in red clothesJohn William Waterhouse, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

Frederick William I of Prussia

Frederick William I of Prussia had a penchant for tall men. That is, he liked them to serve in his army. Rumour has it that Frederick would have his henchmen go out and pay families to put their tall sons under the command of the King. These tall men would form a battalion called the “Potsdam Giants,” that never actually saw battle. 

Frederick William I of Prussia in armorWorkshop of Antoine Pesne, Wikimedia Commons

Justin II of Byzantine

Justin II of Byzantine heard voices in his head near-constantly and would hide under his bed in the evenings. The voices could only be soothed by the constant playing of an organ—the poor organist’s fingers!

Justin II paintingConstantine Manasses, Wikimedia Commons

Farouk of Egypt

Nicknamed the “Thief of Cairo” thanks to his kleptomaniacal tendencies, Farouk I of Egypt was notorious for stealing other’s possessions, including Winston Churchill’s watch and a sword from the Shah of Iran. He couldn’t pinch the loyalty of the Army, though, and was overthrown in a 1952 coup. Nobody likes a guy with sticky fingers…

Farouk of Egypt in uniformUnknown Author, Wikimedia Commons

Mobutu of Zaire

Before Zaire was called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it was ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko. Seko had some rather Kim Jong-un-like tendencies, including stipulating that each news broadcast had to begin with an image of him descending from the heavens. God complexes, they’re a bit of a theme in this list…

Mobutu Sese Seko in gray suitFrank Hall, Wikimedia Commons

Sado of Korea

Prince Sado of Korea was rather obsessed with his own image. So much so that he would wear different items of clothing every day and believed that his clothing was to blame whenever anything bad happened in the country. Such was his obsession with clothes that he ordered 30 suits to be ready to wear at any one time so that he could quickly change into a new one, resetting his good fortune-o-meter, I guess? 

Yoo Ah-in as Crown Prince Sado in The Throne (2015)Tiger Pictures, The Throne (2015)

General George S. Patton

General George Patton served for the American Army in WWII and is something of a national hero in the United States, serving in campaigns from Sicily to France and even driving his forces into Germany by 1945. Known for leading from the front and by example, General Patton “struck fear into the hearts of the enemy,” according to Dwight Eisenhower.

Have we missed any of history’s great (if crazy) leaders? What about the ones that were unhinged in the worst possible way? Let us know below!

General George S Patton in uniformKeystone Paris, Wikimedia Commons


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